The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the highly prevalent risk factors influencing growth and development among pre-school children in rural population of developing countries. A child's brain during the first 3 years of life is rapidly developing through generation of neurons, synaptogenesis, axonal, and dendric growth and synaptic pruning each of which build upon each other. Any interruption in this process, such as trauma, stress, under-nutrition or lack of nutrients can have long-term effects on the brain's structure and on the child's socio-emotional development. Children's development is essentially cumulative in nature and hence, the early years of life are the foundation for later development. A Med-line search was done to review relevant articles in English literature on evaluation of risk factors influencing child development. Data were constructed and issues were reviewed from there. Influences upon children's development tend to be specific in nature and developmental influences rarely operate in isolation from each other. Developmental risk factors tend to cluster together thereby, interventions designed to facilitate development must be multifocal in nature, integrating influences from different domains.

The world is naturally radioactive and approximately 82% of human-absorbed radiation doses, which are out of control, arise from natural sources such as cosmic, terrestrial, and exposure from inhalation or intake radiation sources. In recent years, several international studies have been carried out, which have reported different values regarding the effect of background radiation on human health. Gamma radiation emitted from natural sources (background radiation) is largely due to primordial radionuclides, mainly ²³² Th and ²³⁸ U series, and their decay products, as well as ⁴⁰ K, which exist at trace levels in the earth's crust. Their concentrations in soil, sands, and rocks depend on the local geology of each region in the world. Naturally occurring radioactive materials generally contain terrestrial-origin radionuclides, left over since the creation of the earth. In addition, the existence of some springs and quarries increases the dose rate of background radiation in some regions that are known as high level background radiation regions. The type of building materials used in houses can also affect the dose rate of background radiations. The present review article was carried out to consider all of the natural radiations, including cosmic, terrestrial, and food radiation.

Antimicrobial peptides are cationic molecules, which participate in multiple aspects of the immune response including the control of inflammatory diseases, characteristic that make these molecules attractive as therapeutic tools. These peptides are produced in bacteria, insects, plants and vertebrates, and are classified together due to their capacity to directly inhibit the growth of microorganisms, and to regulate the immune response by inducing the secretion of chemokines and cytokines. Various families of antimicrobial peptides have been identified including the cathelicidins and defensins, the most investigated human antimicrobial peptides. This review will cover the main biological functions of antimicrobial and cell-penetrating peptides in inflammation, and describe the importance and utility of antimicrobial peptides as therapeutics for inflammatory diseases.