Background: With the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), there is a need to assess if the elevated salivary glucose levels provide an environment conducive to the growth of cariogenic microorganisms specifically Streptocooccus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients were divided into three groups consisting of patients with type 2 DM with caries, patients with type 2 DM without caries and age-matched healthy nondiabetic individuals (control). Saliva samples were subjected to semiautomatic salivary glucose estimation by the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method, using the Tulip glucose estimation kit. Swabs were immediately inoculated onto Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin agar and Man Rogosa Sharpe agar. Results: In Group A, statistically significant positive correlation was found between S. mutans and salivary glucose (r = 0.858) as well as L. acidophilus and salivary glucose (r = 0.853). In Group B, a statistically significant positive correlation was found only between S. mutans and salivary glucose (r = 0.705) and not between L. acidophilus and salivary glucose (r = 0.387). The control group did not show a statistically significant correlation. Conclusion: It is established that salivary glucose levels reflect the diabetic state of an individual. The salivary glucose level predicted a 1.7 times higher caries susceptibility in a diabetic, as shown by results in this study. Salivary glucose causes an increase in the cariogenic load in diabetic patients, thus warranting a modification of the Keyes triad.

Background: Protection against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is based on the presence of antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Vaccination of newborns is the most effective means of prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of anti-HBs antibody (anti-HBsAb), anti-HB core Ab (anti-HBcAb), HBsAg, and HBV DNA among university students in Fars province, Southern Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 272 students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, were enrolled. Venous blood (5 mL) was collected from each participant and centrifuged; the sera were stored at −20°C until use. Anti-HBsAb, Anti-HBcAb, and HBsAg were measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. HBV DNA load was also measured by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The mean age of the participants was 19 ± 1 years. There were 171 (62.9%) females and 101 (37.1%) males. Anti-HBsAb at a protective level (>10 mIU/mL) were detected in the sera of 104 (38.5%) of the cases. Of the anti-HBsAb seropositive participants, 82 were female and 22 were male; the difference between the gender and seropositivity to anti-HBsAb was statistically significant (P = 0.001, odds ratio: 3.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.89–5.79). Anti-HBcAb was detected in only one participant that was negative for both HBsAg and HBV DNA. Conclusion: Findings of the current study show that more than half of the students do not have a protective level of anti-HBsAb and might be susceptible to HBV infection, indicating the necessity of checking the level of anti-HBsAb as well as a booster dose in high-risk groups.