Background: The estimated incidence and prevalence of tuberculosis in India are 2.1 and 2.6 million cases respectively. Immunotherapy may shorten tuberculosis treatments and improve the immunity of individuals as well. Hence we study the efficacy of levamisole (LVM) (immunomodulator) as an adjuvant to chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted for 21 months in newly diagnosed sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Patients were subjected initially to clinical examination, sputum acid-fast bacilli smear and culture, tuberculin skin test and weight record. During follow-up, above investigations were repeated. Sixty-five patients were randomly assigned into two groups to receive either tab LVM 100 mg once in a day or matching placebo, orally as a single dose, thrice a week, for 2 months with short-course antituberculosis chemotherapy. Results: Sputum negativity at 1 week was observed in 11 (44%) patients in LVM group whereas only 3 (12%) in placebo group. All the patients 25 (100%) in LVM group were sputum negative compared to 14 (56%) in placebo group by the end of 3 weeks. In LVM group, 24 (96%) and 11 (44%) patients in placebo group show radiological improvement at 2 months. A direct correlation existed between quantum of immune response and weight gain with LVM. LVM rendered all anergic patients to positive tuberculin reactors. In LVM group, patients with initial Mantoux ≥20 mm and advanced cavitary disease, there was decrease in tuberculin reaction size. Conclusion: Adjuvant immunomodulation with levamisole has the potential of shortening the total duration of antitubercular therapy.

Background: Identification of osteoporosis in women in order to prevent its related morbidity and mortality is considered a priority. Routine mammography is performed on all menopausal women as a screening tool. Determination of the relation between breast arterial calcification (BAC) on mammography and the bone density of this high-risk population could help us to determine those with osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the mentioned probable relation between BAC and osteoporosis. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, menopausal women referred for annual screening mammography were enrolled. According to the results of mammography, they were classified into two groups: menopausal women with and without calcification of breast arteries. The selected women were referred for bone mineral density (BMD) evaluation by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The results of BMD were compared between the two studied groups. Results: In this study, BMD was measured in 43 and 45 menopausal women with and without BAC, respectively. After age adjustment the difference between BMD measurements were not statistically significantly different (P > 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between age and lumbar (P = 0.002, r = -0.42) and hip bone (P = 0.000, r = -0.67) density in menopausal women with BAC. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicated that there was no significant relationship between BAC and BMD in our studied population, but it seems that increasing age has an important role in both developing BAC and reducing BMD. For obtaining more conclusive results, further studies with larger sample sizes and considering the severity of BAC is recommended.

Background: The aim of this study is the caparison of the complications rate among the patients which underwent nephrostomy removal with and without performing nephrostography. Materials and Methods: Between October 2010 and November 2011, 200 patients who underwent standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) procedures were included in this study. The patients were randomly assigned into two groups, Group A (n = 100) did not undergo the antegrade nephrostography on postoperative day 2 and the patients were discharged keeping the nephrostomy until postoperative day 3, while in Group B (n = 100) the nephrostomy tube was removed on postoperative day 3 after antegrade nephrostography demonstrating ureteral drainage down to the bladder. Postoperative complications in both groups were recorded and compared between two groups. Results: A total of 200 patients were treated with standard PCNL. The persistent leakage of urine after removal of the nephrostomy tube was encountered in 5 (5.0%) and 3 (3%) of patients in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Urinary leakage was resolved with conservative management in 3 and 2 patients of Groups 1 and 2, respectively, but a double-J stent was inserted in 2 and 1 patients in each group because of persistent leakage of urine more than 1-week. The two groups show comparable complications such as prolonged urinary leakage which managed in a similar manner, however, postoperative hospital stay was lesser in Group 1. Conclusion: Our results revealed postoperative performing nephrostogramy before tube removal changed the planning of complications such as prolonged urinary leakage and could be omitted in cases.

Background: Vitiligo, a common disorder of depigmentation, is often difficult to treat. Corticosteroids are known to be effective, but with modest results. Although simvastatin has been reported to be effective for immunorelated dermatologic disorders including vitiligo, controlled trials are lacking. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of topical betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream (as a standard method of treatment for vitiligo) versus a combination of betamethasone valerate plus oral simvastatin in the treatment of vitiligo. Materials and Methods: Eighty-eight subjects with symmetric vitiligo who had body surface involvement up to 20% were divided randomly into two groups. Group A were treated with betamethasone valerate 01% cream twice daily and Group B with betamethasone valerate 01% cream twice daily and oral simvastatin 80 mg daily for 12 weeks. Finally, 46 patients completed treatment after 12 weeks in both groups. The results were evaluated by a blind dermatologist using Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) score at baseline, 4^th, 8^th, and 12^th week of treatment. In a similar way, subjective assessment performed by patients based on photo evaluation at the end of the study. Results: Despite a continuous reduction in VASI score in both groups, according to both physician (P = 0.13) and patient (P = 0.374) assessment oral simvastatin was not statistically more effective than conventional treatment of vitiligo. Conclusion: This study indicates that oral simvastatin is not associated with significant impacts in the treatment of vitiligo as compared to other inflammatory dermatologic conditions such as psoriasis. Indeed, other studies should be initiated regarding exact molecular and cellular effects of statins in the treatment of vitiligo.

Background: Y chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes and is male specific. Due to limited genetic exchange, the main part of that is passed virtually unchanged from one generation to next generation. The short tandem repeats (STRs) are almost constant on chromosomes that make them as an appropriate factor for use in population genetic studies. In this study, we used the STRs of Y chromosome markers in Sadat families and comparison with other families was investigated. Materials and Methods: In this study, sampling was done from fifty unrelated males of Sadat families and fifty unrelated males of non-Sadat families. After the extraction of DNA from blood samples and primer design, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for each primer pairs separately. The PCR products were run on agarose gel that followed by running on polyacrylamide gel for better resolution. In addition, some sequenced samples were used as identified markers to determine the length of other alleles in polyacrylamide gel. Results: The survey of six STR in two case and control groups was carried out, and analysis revealed that the frequency of some alleles is different in case group compared to control group. Allele frequency of the markers DYS392, DYS393, DYS19, DYS390, DYS388, and DYS437 on the Y chromosome in Sadat families was quite different in comparison with other families. Conclusions: The reason for these differences in allele frequencies of the Sadat family in comparison with other families is having a common ancestor.

Background: Mutations in different genes including dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex caused familial dilated cardiomyopathy which is a genetically heterogeneous disease. The δ-SG gene contains nine exons spanning a 433-kb region of genomic DNA. It encodes a 35-kDa, singlepass, and type II transmembrane glycoprotein. Materials and Methods: In this study for the first time in Iran we screened 6 patients of a large family that they had positive family history of MI or sudden death by next generation sequencing method. Results: By employing NGS method we found missense mutation (p.R97Q) of δ-SG gene in 2 of 6 patients. Conclusions: The missense mutation (p.R97Q) in familial DCM patients is reported for the first time in Iranian patients with cardiac disease. Although this mutation is already known in other populations in Iran, it is not reported before.

Probiotics or health-beneficial bacteria have only recently been introduced in dentistry after years of successful use in mainly gastrointestinal disorders. The concept of bacteriotherapy was first introduced in the beginning of 20^th century. They are administered in different quantities that allow for colon colonization. These products help in stimulating health promoting flora and also suppressing the pathologic colonization and disease spread. The use of probiotic plays an important aspect in dentistry too, ever since the oral infections occupied the prime spot among the other infections affecting the humans. Probiotics strengthen the immune system to combat allergies, stress, exposure to toxic substances, and other diseases. This review is an attempt to discuss briefly the role of probiotics in oral health.

Background: Refractory or relapsed Hodgkin's disease (HD) occurs in 10-50% of patients. The treatment of choice for these patients is high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Response to salvage chemotherapy (SCT) partial remission (PR) is necessary before HDCT with ASCT. However, its applicability is restricted mostly to patients responding to salvage chemotherapy. Optimal salvage regimen for these patients is unclear. In this study, our aim was to compare the efficacy profiles of ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (ICE) and etoposide-steroid-cytarabine-cisplatin (ESHAP) (cytosine arabinoside, cisplatin, and dexamethasone) regimens in the salvage treatment of relapsed or refractory HD. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective analysis, 114 patients with primary refractory or relapsed HD who received ICE or ESHAP salvage regimen were included. Results: Of 114 patients, 47 (41.2%) were females and the median age was 31.5 years. Response could be evaluated in 114 patients. Of 114 patients, 38 (33%) achieved complete remission (CR) and 21 (18.4%) achieved PR, leading to an overall response rate (ORR: CR + PR) of 51.4%. In the evaluable ICE group (n = 41), rates of CR, PR, and ORR were 21.9%, 17.1%, and 39% and in the ESHAP group (n = 73), rates of CR, PR, and ORR were 39.7%, 19.2%, and 58.9% (for ORR,P = 0.04), respectively. Conclusion: In patients with relapsed or refractory HD, treatment with ESHAP seems to have higher rates of response than ICE regimen does.

Placental site throphoblastic tumor (PSTT) is a rare manifestation of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia that may complicate any type of pregnancy. The disease is unique from other type, and is defined by slow growth, low human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) serum levels, the late-onset metastatic potential, and most significantly, insensitivity to chemotherapy. We describe a case of a 31-year-old woman with prolonged amenorrhea and slightly elevated serum beta hCG (βhCG) level, referred for termination of abnormal pregnancy. During curettage, necrotic tissue was removed and severs vaginal bleeding was controlled with medical therapy. Histology examination showed neoplastic intermediate trophoblastic cells with invasion to the vessel wall compatible with PSTT. After that, hysterectomy was down and serum βhCG declined to undetectable level 2 weeks after surgery and was followed for 2 years without complication.

Background: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a phenomenon where a short period of ischemia in one organ protects against further ischemia in the other organs. We hypothesized that RIPC occurring in diabetic patients with ankle brachial index (ABI) between 0.70 and 0.90 were included with peripheral arterial disease, would make the better coronary flow resulted in the increasing ABI. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was done in the Afshar Cardiovascular Hospital in Yazd between 2013 and 2014. Sixty participants were randomly divided into two groups (intervention and control groups). The intervention group was undergoing RIPC, and the control group was tested without RIPC. RIPC was stimulated by giving three cycles of 5 min of ischemia followed by 5 min of reperfusion of both upper arms using a blood pressure cuff inflated to 200 mm Hg (n = 30). This was compared with no RIPC group which consisted of placing a deflated blood pressure cuff on the upper limbs (n = 30). Results: The mean of ABI level before intervention in the RIPC and control group group was 0.82 ± 0.055 and 0.83 ± 0.0603 (P = 0.347) respectively, with no significant difference. It was 0.86 ± 0.066 in the RIPC group compared the control 0.83 ± 0.0603 (P = 0.046). So levels of ABI were greater after intervention in the RIPC group. The mean of ABI level increase from 0.82 ± 0.05 to 0.86 ± 0.06 in RIPC group (P = 0.008). So the intervention group showed a significant increase in ABI. Conclusions: RIPC through using a simple, noninvasive technique, composing three cycles of 5 min-ischemia of both upper arms, showing a significant increase in ABI level in diabetic patients.

Proteus syndrome is a rare sporadic disorder that appears with localized macrosomia, congenital lipomatosis, and slow flow vascular malformations, connective tissue nevus, and epidermal nevus. There are usually some manifestations at birth. The vascular abnormalities that have been reported in Proteus syndrome are capillary and slow flow venous malformation. We report a case of a 10-year-old boy with confirmed Proteus syndrome characterized by high flow vascular malformation (arteriovenous [AV] malformation) unlike the usual vascular malformations seen in this syndrome. This case adds a new perspective to the established clinical findings of the Proteus syndrome.

Background: Anaphase promoting complex (APC) is the biggest Cullin-RING E3 ligase and is very important in cell cycle control; many anti-cancer agents target this. APC controls the onset of chromosome separation and mitotic exit through securin and cyclin B degradation, respectively. Its APC3 subunit identifies the APC activators-Cdh1 and Cdc20. Materials and Methods: The structural model of the APC3 subunit of APC was developed by means of computational techniques; the binding of a natural inhibitory compound to APC3 was also investigated. Results: It was found that APC3 structure consists of numerous helices organized in anti-parallel and the overall model is superhelical of tetratrico-peptide repeat (TPR) domains. Furthermore, binding pocket of the natural inhibitory compound as APC3 inhibitor was shown. Conclusion: The findings are beneficial to understand the mechanism of the APC activation and design inhibitory compounds.

Background: Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug for therapy of generalized and focal epilepsies. Cross-sectional studies have suggested that valproate treatment may be associated with hyperinsulinemia. We decided to investigate hyperinsulinemia as a health-threatening side effect of VPA in Iranian epileptic patients. Materials and Methods: Body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, fasting serum insulin, fasting blood glucose (FBS), and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured in 30 VPA-treated epileptic patients and 30 controls (CBZ-treated). The Chi-square test, t-test, and Pearson correlation test were used. Results: BMI was higher in VPA group than in control group (25.7 ± 3.5 > 21.7 ± 4.1) (0.000 < 0.05). Prevalence of obesity was 16.6% in VPA group that was almost the same and even lower than general Iranian population. Serum triglyceride (TG) (150 ± 77.2) was higher than CBZ group (114 ± 35.2) (P = 0.023 < 0.05). However, serum high-density lipoprotein level was lower in VPA group than controls (45.2 ± 11.7 < 54.4 ± 13.9) (P = 0.008 < 0.05). Serum insulin, FBS, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein did not demonstrate statistically significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Despite the majority of previous studies that are against VPA and according to our study, VPA could be prescribed safely and it may not cause IR and its complications.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a common disorder which is a constellation of clinical features including abdominal obesity, increased level of serum triglycerides (TGs) and decrease of serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated blood pressure, and glucose intolerance. The apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) is involved in lipid metabolism, influencing the level of plasma TG and HDL-C. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the associations between four INDEL variants of APOA5 gene and the MetS risk. Materials and Methods: In this case–control study, we genotyped 116 Iranian children and adolescents with/without MetS by using Sanger sequencing method for these INDELs. Then, we explored the association of INDELs with MetS risk and their clinical components by logistic regression and one-way analysis of variance analyses. Results: We identified a novel insertion polymorphism, c. *282–283 insAG/c. *282–283 insG variant, which appears among case and control groups. rs72525532 showed a significant difference for TG levels between various genotype groups. In addition, there were significant associations between newly identified single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and rs72525532 with MetS risk. Conclusions: These results show that rs72525532 and the newly identified SNP may influence the susceptibility of the individuals to MetS.

Background: Thalassemias are the most common monogenic disorders in many countries throughout the world. The best practice to control the prevalence of the disease is prenatal diagnosis (PND) services. Extensive practicing of PND proved effective in reducing new cases but on the other side of this success high abortion rate is hided, which ethically unfair and for many couples, especially with a previous experience of a therapeutic abortion, or moral concerns, is not a suitable choice. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a strong alternative to conventional PND. At present PGD is the only abortion free fetal diagnostic process. Considering the fact that there are more than 6000 single gene disorders affecting approximately 1 in 300 live-births, the medical need for PGD services is significant. Materials and Methods: In the present study development of a PGD protocol for a thalassemia trait couple using nested multiplex fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the combination of polymorphic linked short tandem repeat (STR) markers and thalassemia mutations is described. Restriction fragment length polymorphism used to discriminate between wild and mutated alleles. Results: In PGD clinical cycle, paternal and maternal alleles for D11S988 and D11S1338 STR markers were segregated as it was expected. PCR product for IVSII-1 mutation was subsequently digested with BtscI restriction enzyme to differentiate normal allele from the mutant allele. The mother's mutation, being a comparatively large deletion, was detectable through size differences on agarose gel. Conclusion: The optimized single cell protocol developed and evaluated in this study is a feasible approach for preimplantation diagnosis of β-thalassemia in our patients.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the best condition for the production of DT386-BR2 fusion protein, an immunotoxin consisting of catalytic and translocation domains of diphtheria toxin fused to BR2, a cancer specific cell penetrating peptide, for targeted eradication of cancer cells, in terms of the host, cultivation condition, and culture medium. Materials and Methods: Recombinant pET28a vector containing the codons optimized for the expression of the DT386-BR2 gene was transformed to different strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli BL21 DE3, E. coli Rosetta DE3 and E. coli Rosetta-gami 2 DE3), followed by the induction of expression using 1 mM IPTG. Then, the strain with the highest ability to produce recombinant protein was selected and used to determine the best expression condition using response surface methodology (RSM). Finally, the best culture medium was selected. Results: Densitometry analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the expressed fusion protein showed that E. coli Rosetta DE3 produced the highest amounts of the recombinant fusion protein when quantified by 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (178.07 μg/ml). Results of RSM also showed the best condition for the production of the recombinant fusion protein was induction with 1 mM IPTG for 2 h at 37°C. Finally, it was established that terrific broth could produce higher amounts of the fusion protein when compared to other culture media. Conclusion: In this study, we expressed the recombinant DT386-BR2 fusion protein in large amounts by optimizing the expression host, cultivation condition, and culture medium. This fusion protein will be subjected to purification and evaluation of its cytotoxic effects in future studies.

Background: The aim of this study is to find a pathway to explaining the relations between dietary behaviors with mental health and psychological functioning. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study contains 4763 participants from the employees of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. In this study, four questionnaires were administered which were provided as follows: demographic characteristics, 21-item dietary behaviors questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire, and 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). We started the analysis with the structural equation modeling (SEM) model with 4 unobserved latent and 16 observed variables. Results: The results show that the regression coefficient (standard error) of diet behavior on mental health and mental health on GHQ were − 1 (0.37) and 0.02 (0.01) with their P values as 0.007 and 0.01, respectively. For this model, the estimated root mean square error of approximation is 0.062 with 90% confidence interval of (0.060–0.065). In addition, the comparative fit indices (CFIs) were as 0.866 for incremental fit index and 0.866 for CFI. All these indices represent fairly good fit of the model to the data. Conclusion: We can conclude that “lower scores on diet behavior – higher scores on mental health problems” and “higher mean scores in depression and/or anxiety – higher scores in GHQ domains.” The SEM results showed that dietary behaviors have significance related to depression and/or anxiety and general health status.

Background: Acne is a very common skin disease in which scars are seen in 95% of the patients. Although numerous treatments have been recommended, researchers are still searching for a single modality to treat the complication due to its variety in shape and depth. We compared the effects of fractional carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser alone and in combination with subcision in the treatment of atrophic acne scars. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed in Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center (Isfahan, Iran) during 2011–2012. Eligible patients with atrophic acne scars were treated with fractional CO₂laser alone (five sessions with 3-week interval) on the right side of the face and fractional CO₂laser plus subcision (one session using both with four sessions of fractional CO₂laser, with 3-week interval) on the left side. The subjects were visited 1, 2, and 6 months after the treatment. Patient satisfaction rate was analyzed using SPSS 20 software. Results: The average of recovery rate was 54.7% using the combination method and 43.0% using laser alone (P < 0.001). The mean patient satisfaction was significantly higher with the combination method than laser alone (6.6 ± 1.2 vs. 5.2 ± 1.8; P < 0.001). Bruising was only seen with the combination method and lasted for 1 week in 57.0% and for 2 weeks in 43.0%. Erythema was seen in both methods. Postinflammatory pigmentation and hyperpigmentation were associated with combination method. No persistent side effects were seen after 6 months. Conclusion: Using a combination of subcision and laser had suitable results regarding scar recovery and satisfaction rate.

Background: Pedicle screw instrumentation has many advantages for correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) deformity including better correction and fewer late complications. On the other hand, screw insertion in AIS is challenging. Intraoperative fluoroscopy or navigation techniques are expensive, time-consuming, and exposed to high radiation. Free-hand technique relies on the surgeon's experience and locating the pedicle entry point with anatomical landmarks. There are few studies that evaluated pedicle screw position accuracy with postoperative multi-slice computed tomography scan. Materials and Methods: We prospectively considered 38 consecutive AIS cases, who underwent corrective surgery with all pedicle screw technique. All the screws were inserted with free-hand technique using anatomic landmarks as a guide for an entry site. We divided pedicle penetration in medial, lateral, inferior, superior, and anterior vertebral body as Grades 0–4, that Grade 0 is fully contained within the pedicle, Grade 1 (<2 mm), Grade 2 (2.1–4 mm), Grade 3 (4.1–6 mm), and Grade 4 (>6 mm). Results: A total of 720 screws were inserted, of which 623 screws (86.5%) were perfect and 97 screws (13.5%) were misplaced. Of those which were misplaced, 39 screws (40.2%) were medial and 58 (59.8%) were lateral, which shows that the prevalence of lateral misplacement was more in comparison to medial misplacement. However, in all misplaced cases, the deviation of the screw was <2 mm (Grade 1). There was no misplacement in the inferior and superior. Conclusion: Pedicle screw insertion in AIS with the free-hand technique is a safe and reliable method.

Background: Fistulas are the preferred permanent hemodialysis vascular access, but a significant obstacle to increasing their prevalence is the fistula's high “failure to mature” (FTM) rate. This study aimed to identify postoperative clinical characteristics that are predictive of fistula FTM. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 80 end-stage renal disease patients who referred to Al Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, for brachiocephalic fistula placement. After 4 weeks, the clinical criteria (trill, firmness, vein length, and venous engorgement) examined and the fistulas situation divided to favorable or unfavorable by each criterion, and the results comprised with dialysis possibility. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21. Diagnostic index for CLINICAL examination was calculated. Results: Among the 80 cases, 25 (31.2%) female and 55 (68.8%) male were studied with the mean age of 51.9 (standard deviation = 17) year ranged between 18 and 86 years old. Sixty-two (77.5%) cases had successful hemodialysis. All four clinical assessments were significantly more acceptable in patients with successful dialysis (P < 0.001). According to the results of our study, the accuracy of all physical assessments was above 70% and except vein length other criteria had a sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100%. In this study, firmness of vein has highest specificity and positive predictive value (83.9% and 64.3%, respectively). Conclusion: Results of our study showed that high sensitivity and relatively low specificity of the clinical criterion. It means that unfavorable results of each clinical criterion predict unfavorable dialysis. Clinical evaluation of a newly created fistula 4–6 weeks after surgery should be considered mandatory.

Background: Resistance of Leishmania species to antimonial drugs has increased. Hence, in the present study Leishmania major isolates were collected from patients with resistance phenotype and the presence/absence of resistance to Glucantime was investigated. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from 10 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients who had not responded to chemotherapy with Glucantime. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to identify the isolated species. Stationary phase promastigotes were added to the grown, adhesive J774 macrophages. Values obtained from standard strain were compared with the test cultures after exposure to the medicine. In vivo, the effects of Glucantime were assessed by comparing the sizes and the parasite burden of the lesions on mouse model. Results: The results of amplified band on agarose gel demonstrated all samples were L. major. After exposure to medicine, a reduction of intracellular amastigotes to half was detected. In vivo, the parasite was eliminated in 90% of mice with lesions caused by both isolates of patients and standard L. major, and their lesions became smaller significantly. Conclusion: Pentavalent antimonial (SbV) salts are the main component of chemotherapy against leishmaniasis. However, the medicine has been found ineffective. In the present study, isolates from patients with no response to treatment had no significant difference from the standard L. major strain (as the sensitive strain). Therefore, in patients with resistance phenotype to Glucantime, the parasites did not actually have intrinsic resistance, i.e., environmental and host factors prevented the successful treatment of the disease.