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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Comparison of five methods in predicting difficult laryngoscopy: Neck circumference, neck circumference to thyromental distance ratio, the ratio of height to thyromental distance, upper lip bite test and Mallampati test
Azim Honarmand, Mohammadreza Safavi, Ahmad Yaraghi, Mohammadali Attari, Mehdi Khazaei, Majid Zamani
2015, 4:122 (4 June 2015)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.158033
PMID
:26261824
Background:
Preoperative airway assessment tests have been presented to help in anticipating a difficult airway. We conducted this study to compare five methods in prediction of difficult laryngoscopy: Neck circumference (NC), NC to thyromental distance ratio (NC/TMD), the ratio of height to thyromental distance (RHTMD), upper lip bite test (ULBT) and Mallampati test (MMT). These five methods are the most commonly used ones and have different powers for it. It was not clear which of these methods predicts difficult laryngoscopy better.
Materials and Methods:
Six hundred consecutive patients participated in this study. NC, NC/TMD and RHTMD were measured, and ULBT and MMT were performed and recorded. The laryngoscopy view was graded according to Cormack and Lehane's scale (CLS) and difficult laryngoscopy was defined as CLS grades 3 and 4. Accuracy of tests in predicting difficult laryngoscopy was assessed using the area under a receiver-operating characteristic curve.
Results:
The area under the curve in ULBT and RHTMD were significantly larger than that in TMD, NC and MMT. No statistically significant differences were noted between TMD, NC and MMT (all
P
> 0.05) (ULBT = RHTMD > NC/TMD > TMD = NC = MMT). RHTMD (>22.7 cm) exhibited the highest sensitivity (sensitivity = 64.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 53.9-74.7) and the most specific test was ULBT (specificity = 99.41%, 95% CI: 98.3-99.9).
Conclusion:
RHTMD and ULBT as simple preoperative bedside tests have a higher level of accuracy compared to NC/TMD, TMD, NC, MMT in predicting a difficult airway.
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44,993
853
10
REVIEW ARTICLES
Viral and nonviral delivery systems for gene delivery
Nouri Nayerossadat, Talebi Maedeh, Palizban Abas Ali
2012, 1:27 (6 July 2012)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.98152
PMID
:23210086
Gene therapy is the process of introducing foreign genomic materials into host cells to elicit a therapeutic benefit. Although initially the main focus of gene therapy was on special genetic disorders, now diverse diseases with different patterns of inheritance and acquired diseases are targets of gene therapy. There are 2 major categories of gene therapy, including germline gene therapy and somatic gene therapy. Although germline gene therapy may have great potential, because it is currently ethically forbidden, it cannot be used; however, to date human gene therapy has been limited to somatic cells. Although numerous viral and nonviral gene delivery systems have been developed in the last 3 decades, no delivery system has been designed that can be applied in gene therapy of all kinds of cell types
in vitro
and
in vivo
with no limitation and side effects. In this review we explain about the history of gene therapy, all types of gene delivery systems for germline (nuclei, egg cells, embryonic stem cells, pronuclear, microinjection, sperm cells) and somatic cells by viral [retroviral, adenoviral, adeno association, helper-dependent adenoviral systems, hybrid adenoviral systems, herpes simplex, pox virus, lentivirus,
Epstein-Barr virus
)] and nonviral systems (physical: Naked DNA, DNA bombardant, electroporation, hydrodynamic, ultrasound, magnetofection) and (chemical: Cationic lipids, different cationic polymers, lipid polymers). In addition to the above-mentioned, advantages, disadvantages, and practical use of each system are discussed.
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31,621
6,055
434
REVIEW REPORT
Potent health effects of pomegranate
Aida Zarfeshany, Sedigheh Asgary, Shaghayegh Haghjoo Javanmard
2014, 3:100 (25 March 2014)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.129371
PMID
:24800189
Accumulating data clearly claimed that
Punica
granatum
L. (pomegranate) has several health benefits. Pomegranates can help prevent or treat various disease risk factors including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and inflammatory activities. It is demonstrated that certain components of pomegranate such as polyphenols have potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. The antioxidant potential of pomegranate juice is more than that of red wine and green tea, which is induced through ellagitannins and hydrosable tannins. Pomegranate juice can reduce macrophage oxidative stress, free radicals, and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, pomegranate fruit extract prevents cell growth and induces apoptosis, which can lead to its anticarcinogenic effects. In addition, promoter inhibition of some inflammatory markers and their production are blocked via ellagitannins. In this article, we highlight different studies on the therapeutic effects of pomegranate and their suggested mechanisms of actions.
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102
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Reference range of the weekly uterine cervical length at 8 to 38 weeks of gestation in the center of Iran
Esmat Jafari-Dehkordi, Atoosa Adibi, Mehri Sirus
2015, 4:115 (29 May 2015)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.157839
PMID
:26261817
Background:
There is an inverse relation between the uterine cervical length during pregnancy and the frequency of preterm delivery. The purpose of this study was to construct a chart and evaluate the cervical length at 8 to 38 weeks of normal gestation in the center of Iran.
Materials and Methods:
Uterine cervical length was measured on 930 asymptomatic pregnant women by abdominal ultrasonographic technique. For statistical evaluation, regression analysis and calculation of percentiles were performed.
Results:
Our data show a significant decrease in uterine cervical length with increasing gestational age. The mean uterine cervical length exhibits minimal changes from 10 to 24 weeks for most women in this study, although the shortening is more prominent at 33 to 38 weeks' gestation. The mean shortening of the uterine cervical length between the second and the ninth months was 14.82% (
P
< 0.05). Also, the cervical length means in trimesters 1, 2 and 3 were 39.30 ± 4.33, 38.28 ± 5.13 and 36.58 ± 4.58 mm, respectively. The third trimester showed a significant reduction (
P
< 0.05) in cervical length compared to the first and second trimesters (6.92% and 4.44%, respectively). New charts with the 5
th
, 10
th
, 50
th
, 90
th
, and 95
th
percentile are presented.
Conclusion:
Our study provides a new chart and reference values for normal uterine cervical length throughout gestation based on a large sample in the center of Iran. There was a progressive decrease in mean uterine cervical length with increasing gestational age in the population of this study. Our established charts for uterine cervical length throughout gestation might be more useful than a single cut-off value for more efficient prevention and management of preterm birth.
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363
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Comparison of SYBR Green and TaqMan methods in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of four adenosine receptor subtypes
Mohamadhasan Tajadini, Mojtaba Panjehpour, Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
2014, 3:85 (28 February 2014)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.127998
PMID
:24761393
Background:
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is based on the revolutionary method of PCR. This technique is the result of PCR enormous sensitivity and real-time monitoring combination. In quantitative gene expression analysis, two methods have more popularity, SYBR Green and TaqMan, SYBR Green is relatively cost benefit and easy to use and technically based on binding the fluorescent dye to double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) where TaqMan method has more expensive and based on dual labeled oligonucleotide and exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase enzyme. Specificity is the most important concern with the usage of any non-specific dsDNA-binding Dyes such as SYBR Green whiles more specificity showed by labeled oligonucleotide method such as TaqMan. In this study, we compared two common RT PCR methods, TaqMan and SYBR Green in measurement gene expression profile of adenosine receptors.
Materials and Methods:
Gene expression profiles of A1, A2A, A2B and A3 Adenosine receptors were analyzed by optimized TaqMan and SYBR Green quantitative RT PCR in breast cancer tissues. Primary expression data was normalizing by B. actin reference gene.
Results:
Efficiencies were calculated more than 95% for TaqMan and SYBR Green methods in all genes. The correlations between means of normalized data of each gene in two methods were positive and significant (
P
< 0.05).
Conclusion:
Data analysis showed that with the use of high performance primer and by use proper protocols and material we can make precise data by SYBR Green as TaqMan method. In other word by optimization of SYBR Green method, its performance and quality could be comparable to TaqMan method.
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15,758
4,822
94
Music therapy: An effective approach in improving social skills of children with autism
Seyyed Nabiollah Ghasemtabar, Mahbubeh Hosseini, Irandokht Fayyaz, Saeid Arab, Hamed Naghashian, Zahra Poudineh
2015, 4:157 (27 July 2015)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.161584
PMID
:26380242
Background:
The existing methodological weakness in conducted researches concerning music therapy (MT) for children with autism led to ambiguity and confusion in this scope of studies. The aim of the present research is to identify the effectiveness of MT method in improving social skills of children with autism and its stability, as well.
Materials and Methods:
In the form of a clinical trial study with design of pretest/posttest/follow-up with control group, among the children with autism in community of Tehran city, on the basis of childhood autism rating scale, 27 children with mild to moderate autism were chosen and were divided into two groups of experiment (
n
= 13), and control (
n
= 14). Social skills' level of both groups was measured and recorded with the help of social skills rating system scale. The children of the experiment group participated in MT programs of Orff-Schulwerk for 45 days in 12 sessions (two sessions of 1-h/week), whereas the control group received no intervention. The data were analyzed with Statistic Package For Social Science (SPSS) software
t
-test and analysis of covariance was used to compare groups.
Results:
In posttest, the results of covariance analysis showed a significant increase in social skills' scores of the experiment group (
P
< 0.001). Also, results of the paired-sample
t
-test showed that the effectiveness of MT has been persistent up to the follow-up phase.
Conclusions:
The study showed that MT is an effective method with deep and consistent effects on improving social skills of children with autism.
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13,999
2,753
25
REVIEW ARTICLES
Role of Curcumin in Disease Prevention and Treatment
Arshad Husain Rahmani, Mohammed A Alsahli, Salah M Aly, Masood A Khan, Yousef H Aldebasi
2018, 7:38 (28 February 2018)
DOI
:10.4103/abr.abr_147_16
PMID
:29629341
Treatment based on traditional medicine is very popular in developing world due to inexpensive properties. Nowadays, several types of preparations based on medicinal plants at different dose have been extensively recognized in the diseases prevention and treatment. In this vista, latest findings support the effect of
Curcuma longa
and its chief constituents curcumin in a broad range of diseases cure via modulation of physiological and biochemical process. In addition, various studies based on animal mode and clinical trials showed that curcumin does not cause any adverse complications on liver and kidney function and it is safe at high dose. This review article aims at gathering information predominantly on pharmacological activities such as anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, hepato-protective activity, anti-inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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120
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Optimization of Taq DNA polymerase enzyme expression in
Escherichia
coli
Fateme Moazen, Ali Rastegari, Sayed Mehdi Hoseini, Mojtaba Panjehpour, Mehran Miroliaei, Hamid Mir Mohammad Sadeghi
2012, 1:82 (31 October 2012)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.103004
PMID
:23326812
Background:
In the present study, we optimized the experimental conditions using pET15b expression vector to obtain large amounts of Taq DNA polymerase.
Materials and Methods:
Correct framing of the gene in the expression vector pET15b and its orientation were analyzed by digestion and sequencing. Production of Taq DNA polymerase in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells was induced by incubation with different concentrations of IPTG. Optimum production occurred with the addition of 1mM IPTG for 2h. The activity of the obtained enzyme was measured by comparing the intensities of the produced DNA bands in PCR reactions.
Results:
Recombinant plasmid containing taq polymerase gene was confirmed by restriction digestion and DNA sequencing. Purified protein was identified by Western blotting. Optimum condition for the production of the enzyme was induction with 1mM IPTG for 23h. Addition of NP40 increased enzyme stability.
Conclusion:
We expressed the recombinant Taq DNA polymerase in E. coli using a T7based promoter system and obtained an active and stable enzyme.
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11,225
3,115
1
REVIEW ARTICLES
Biosensors in clinical chemistry: An overview
Sathish Babu Murugaiyan, Ramesh Ramasamy, Niranjan Gopal, V Kuzhandaivelu
2014, 3:67 (27 January 2014)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.125848
PMID
:24627875
Biosensors are small devices that employ biological/biochemical reactions for detecting target analytes. Basically, the device consists of a biocatalyst and a transducer. The biocatalyst may be a cell, tissue, enzyme or even an oligonucleotide. The transducers are mainly amperometric, potentiometric or optical. The classification of biosensors is based on (a) the nature of the recognition event or (b) the intimacy between the biocatalyst and the transducer. Bioaffinity and biocatalytic devices are examples for the former and the first, whereas second and third generation instruments are examples for the latter. Cell-based biosensors utilizing immobilized cells, tissues as also enzyme immunosensors and DNA biosensors find variegated uses in diagnostics. Enzyme nanoparticle-based biosensors make use of small particles in the nanometer scale and are currently making a mark in laboratory medicine. Nanotechnology can help in optimizing the diagnostic biochips, which would facilitate sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise bedside monitoring. Biosensors render themselves as capable diagnostic tools as they meet most of the above-mentioned criteria.
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10,865
1,533
34
A brief study of toxic effects of some medicinal herbs on kidney
Mohammad Asif
2012, 1:44 (28 August 2012)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.100144
PMID
:23326775
Increased use of complementary and alternative herbal medicines in the treatment of various diseases.Some herbal therapies may be causes of potential toxicity that may be renal toxicity caused by the ingestion of herbs. The goal of this study is the toxic and beneficial effects of medicinal herbs on renal health by which evidence for benefit or toxicity has been found. Included are nephrotoxicity from aristolochic acid and other components within herbs, herb-drug interactions, heavy metal toxicity in herbs and adulterants during careless preparation of herbal medicine, resulting in adverse renal effects and renal toxicity from contaminants within the extracts. The review aims to provide knowledge and guide to encourage future toxicity studies on the kidney by medicinal herbs.
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9,668
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39
The protective effects of breastfeeding on chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood: A review of evidence
Roya Kelishadi, Sanam Farajian
2014, 3:3 (9 January 2014)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.124629
PMID
:24600594
Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, etc., are the major causes of mortality in the world, notably in low- and middle-income countries. A growing body of evidence suggests that NCDs have a complex etiology resulting from the interaction of genetic factors, gender, age, ethnicity, and the environmental factors. It is well-documented that chronic diseases in adulthood origins in early life. In recent years, much attention has been focused on primordial and primary prevention of NCD risk factors. There are many biological and epidemiological studies on beneficial effects of breastfeeding during infancy on chronic diseases in adulthood, particularly on hypertension, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular diseases. This review article aims to summarize the current literature on the long-term effects of breastfeeding on prevention of NCDs and their risk factors. The current literature is controversial about these effects; however, a growing body of evidence suggests that breastfeeding has protective roles against obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type II diabetes mellitus during adulthood. In addition to its short-term benefits, encouraging breastfeeding can have long-term beneficial health effects at individual and population levels.
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9,579
1,336
72
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of an eye counter pad containing caffeine and vitamin K in emulsified Emu oil base
Fatemeh Ahmadraji, Mohammad Ali Shatalebi
2015, 4:10 (6 January 2015)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.148292
PMID
:25625116
Background:
People strive to maintain the best look and have a youthful appearance. The skin around the eye is an area without many oil glands and collagen in comparison to the body rest, so it is more prone to fine lines and dehydration, which makes it look dull. The aim of this research is to develop and evaluate
in vivo
efficacy of an anti-wrinkle and dark circle eye pad consisting of 3% w/w caffeine and 1% vitamin K in a convenient, healthy, and cosmeceutical base.
Materials and Methods:
Pre-emulsions containing selected ingredients in a specified effective concentration were prepared. The selected formulation, based upon pharmaceutical parameters, was coated on a nonwoven fabric in an eye counter shape, and stored in a jar. Then
in vivo
trial was carried out for investigation of its anti-wrinkling efficacy on 11 healthy women. In a single blind trial, the sample pad was applied under the right eye and the placebo pad, consisting of water, was placed under the left eye simultaneously. The efficacy and safety of the formulation was evaluated visually and with a multi skin test MC 900 instrument.
Result:
After four weeks, the skin around the right eye of all the subjects experienced a reduction in the depth of wrinkles and dark circles, and from a subjective point of view, the appearance and elasticity of the skin were improved.
Conclusions:
The caffeine pad containing vitamin K in an Emu oil base shows an improvement in eye counter appearance with anti-dark circle capacity and as an emollient.
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9,554
937
10
Effect of aromatherapy with orange essential oil on salivary cortisol and pulse rate in children during dental treatment: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Mahdi Jaafarzadeh, Soroor Arman, Fatemeh Farahbakhsh Pour
2013, 2:10 (6 March 2013)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.107968
PMID
:23930255
Background:
Essential oils have been used as an alternative and complementary treatment in medicine. Citrus fragrance has been used by aromatherapists for the treatment of anxiety symptoms. Based on this claim, the aim of present study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy with essential oil of orange on child anxiety during dental treatment.
Materials and Methods:
Thirty children (10 boys, 20 girls) aged 6-9 years participated in a crossover intervention study, according to the inclusion criteria, among patients who attended the pediatric department of Isfahan Dental School in 2011. Every child underwent two dental treatment appointments including dental prophylaxis and fissure-sealant therapy under orange aroma in one session (intervention) and without any aroma (control) in another one. Child anxiety level was measured using salivary cortisol and pulse rate before and after treatment in each visit. The data were analyzed using
t
-test by SPSS software version 18.
Results:
The mean ± SD and mean difference of salivary cortisol levels and pulse rate were calculated in each group before and completion of treatment in each visit. The difference in means of salivary cortisol and pulse rate between treatment under orange odor and treatment without aroma was 1.047 ± 2.198 nmol/l and 6.73 ± 12.3 (in minutes), which was statistically significant using paired
t
-test (
P
= 0.014,
P
= 0.005, respectively).
Conclusion:
It seems that the use of aromatherapy with natural essential oil of orange could reduce salivary cortisol and pulse rate due to child anxiety state.
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8,903
1,389
40
Mobile phones: Reservoirs for the transmission of nosocomial pathogens
Shekhar Pal, Deepak Juyal, Shamanth Adekhandi, Munesh Sharma, Rajat Prakash, Neelam Sharma, Amit Rana, Ashwin Parihar
2015, 4:144 (27 July 2015)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.161553
PMID
:26322292
Background:
Global burden of hospital-associated infection (HAI) is on the rise and contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality of the patients. Mobile phones are indispensible part of communication among doctors and other health care workers (HCWs) in hospitals. Hands of HCWs play an important role in transmission of HAI and mobile phones which are seldom cleaned and often touched during or after the examination of patients without hand washing can act as a reservoir for transmission of potent pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the rate of bacterial contamination of mobile phones among HCWs in our tertiary care hospital and to compare it with personal mobile phones of non-HCWs (control group).
Materials and Methods:
The mobile phones and dominant hands of 386 participants were sampled from four different groups, hospital doctors and staff (132), college faculty and staff (54), medical students (100) and control group (100). Informed consent and questionnaire was duly signed by all the participants. Samples were processed according to standard guidelines.
Results:
316 mobile phones (81.8%) and 309 hand swab samples (80%) showed growth of bacterial pathogens. The most predominant isolates were Coagulase-negative
Staphylococcus
,
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Acinetobacter
species,
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas
species
and Enterococcus
species.
Conclusion:
Hundred percent contamination was found in mobile phones and hands of HCWs indicating mobile phones can be the potential source of nosocomial pathogens. Our study results suggest that use of mobile phones in health care setup should be restricted only for emergency calls. Strict adherence to infection control policies such as proper hand hygiene practices should be followed.
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8,413
1,524
43
Efficacy of fixed daily 20 mg of isotretinoin in moderate to severe scar prone acne
Abbas Rasi, Elham Behrangi, Masoumeh Rohaninasab, Zahra Mehr Nahad
2014, 3:103 (31 March 2014)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.129693
PMID
:24804178
Background:
Despite advances in acne therapy in recent years, treatment failure is common. Isotretinoin is the only drug that affects almost all factors in acne pathogenesis, but side-effects are common at the doses reported in published studies in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of low daily dose isotretinoin in moderate to severe acne patients. The secondary objective was to measure the rate of relapse 5 years after the completion of therapy.
Materials and Methods:
In this retrospective, noncomparative study, 146 patients with moderate to severe scare prone acne. Treatment regimen consisted of isotretinoin, fixed 20 mg daily, and duration of treatment-based on the weight of patient, until total cumulative dose of 120 mg/kg of body weight is achieved. No topical or other systemic therapy was allowed during the trial. Liver function tests (serum glutamic-oxalocetic transaminase, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, direct and total bilirubin), and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride) were evaluated for all patients, before the initiation of treatment and again after the 2
nd
month of treatment. All data analyzed by Microsoft Office Excel 2007; in descriptive statics frequency and SPSS.18 software.
Results:
At the end of treatment course, (96.4%) demonstrated complete clearing of their acne, defined as no acne or occasional isolated lesions. In 5-year follow-up, relapse accrued in 11 (7.9%) of patients. All adverse effects were mild, and discontinuation of treatment was not necessary.
Conclusion:
Low dose isotretinoin was found to be a safe and effective choice for patients with moderate to severe scar prone acne vulgaris.
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[PubMed]
8,892
978
14
Effect of Magnesium Supplement on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Randomized Control Trial
Elaheh Zarean, Amal Tarjan
2017, 6:109 (31 August 2017)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.213879
PMID
:28904937
Background:
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential mineral required to regulate body temperature, nucleic acid, and protein synthesis with an important role in maintaining nerve and muscle cell electrical potentials. It may reduce fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia as well as increase birth weight. This study aimed to assess the effects of consuming Mg supplementation during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes.
Materials and Methods:
This is a randomized controlled trial with three sixty populated groups of pregnant women. Participants were randomized to treatment or control groups through random table numbers. Participants with Mg serum levels more than 1.9 mg/dl considered as control group A randomly. They just received one multimineral tablet once a day until the end of pregnancy participants with hypomagnesemia consider as Group B and C. Participants in Group B received one multimineral tablet daily until the end of pregnancy. Participants in Group C received 200 mg effervescent Mg tablet from Vitafit Company once daily for 1 month, and also they consumed one multimineral tablet from Alhavi Company, which contains 100 mg Mg, once a day until the end of pregnancy. Intrauterine growth retardation, preterm labor, maternal body mass index, neonatal weight, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, cramps of the leg Apgar score were compared between three groups.
Results:
In all pregnancy outcomes, Group C that received effervescent Mg tablet plus multimineral showed a better result than other groups, and frequency of complications of pregnancy was fewer than the other two groups and showed a significant difference.
Conclusion:
Mg supplement during pregnancy likely decrease probability occurrence of many complications of pregnancy.
[ABSTRACT]
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[PubMed]
7,744
1,623
26
Lithium carbonate inducing disorders in three parameters of rat sperm
Shima Toghyani, Gholam R Dashti, Nasim Hayati Roudbari, Shaila Rouzbehani, Ramesh Monajemi
2013, 2:55 (30 July 2013)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.115793
PMID
:24223370
Background:
Lithium has a significant impact in reducing the symptoms of bipolar mania but in long periods of use with therapeutic doses can cause several disorders in various organs including the reproductive system. In this study, the effect of lithium on the sperm concentration and motility and forms of abnormal cells has been examined.
Materials and Methods:
Male Wistar rats under the 48-day treatment with lithium carbonate at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg bw/day were kept in standard conditions. At the end of this period, sperm cells isolated from the cauda epididymis were counted, motility was estimated, and stained with smear papanicolaou stain.
Results:
In lithium-treated groups, the rate of spermatogenesis and sperm quality were reduced and was seen in a dose-dependent manner.
Discussion:
Lithium alters intracellular signaling pathways such as inositol phosphate metabolic cycle and cyclic adenosine mono phosphate (cAMP) system and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. It also interferes in the division of sex cells to produce mature sperm and showed changes in the sperm cell membrane, function, and structure.
[ABSTRACT]
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[PubMed]
8,699
591
6
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Insights into the effects of tensile and compressive loadings on human femur bone
Raviraj Havaldar, SC Pilli, BB Putti
2014, 3:101 (25 March 2014)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.129375
PMID
:24800190
Background:
Fragile fractures are most likely manifestations of fatigue damage that develop under repetitive loading conditions. Numerous microcracks disperse throughout the bone with the tensile and compressive loads. In this study, tensile and compressive load tests are performed on specimens of both the genders within 19 to 83 years of age and the failure strength is estimated.
Materials and Methods:
Fifty five human femur cortical samples are tested. They are divided into various age groups ranging from 19-83 years. Mechanical tests are performed on an Instron 3366 universal testing machine, according to American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM) standards.
Results:
The results show that stress induced in the bone tissue depends on age and gender. It is observed that both tensile and compression strengths reduces as age advances. Compressive strength is more than tensile strength in both the genders.
Conclusion:
The compression and tensile strength of human femur cortical bone is estimated for both male and female subjecting in the age group of 19-83 years. The fracture toughness increases till 35 years in male and 30 years in female and reduces there after. Mechanical properties of bone are age and gender dependent.
[ABSTRACT]
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[PubMed]
7,851
1,130
75
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in mice skin upon ultraviolet B exposure - Seborrheic Keratosis as a coincidental and unique finding
Azad K Saeed, Nabil Salmo
2012, 1:59 (28 August 2012)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.100178
PMID
:23326790
Background:
Ultraviolet B (UVB) is the most damaging component of sunlight. It rapidly activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in excessive quantities that quickly overwhelm tissue antioxidants.
Setting and Design:
To demonstrate the effects of UVB radiation on EGFR expression in mice skin and to evaluate the role of antioxidants in the exposed group.
Materials and Methods:
After obtaining the approval of the ethical committee, forty mice from BALB/c strain were used in this experiment and were allocated into 3 groups; 10 (control group); 15 (exposure group); and 15 (exposed and treated with antioxidants). Antioxidants were administered through subcutaneous injection. Skin biopsies from all groups were stained with EGFR antibodies. Total antioxidant status (TAS) was evaluated in all groups.
Statistical Analysis:
The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA, Duncan's test, and Pearson's Correlation.
Results:
The highest EGFR expression in exposure group was of score 3
+
(53%). The highest EGFR expression in treatment group was score 0 (40%). Apoptotic bodies and dermal mast cells increased in exposure group while decreased in treatment group. The mean values for TAS were measured for each group; control group = 1.2 mmol/l; exposure group = 0.87 mmol/l; treatment group =1.3 mmol/l.
Conclusions:
UVB led to Seborrheic Keratosis (SK) in mice through enhancement of
EGFR
expression. Antioxidants effectively reduced UVB-induced SK, reduced epidermal changes, apoptotic bodies, and decreased dermal mast cells. TAS measurement declined in exposure group, while it was within normal range in most treated cases.
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8,177
748
7
EDITORIAL
Infodemic and risk communication in the era of CoV-19
Atefeh Vaezi, Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
2020, 9:10 (2 March 2020)
DOI
:10.4103/abr.abr_47_20
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7,592
1,211
34
REVIEW ARTICLES
Cytokines (interleukin-9, IL-17, IL-22, IL-25 and IL-33) and asthma
Rahim Farahani, Roya Sherkat, Mazdak Ganjalikhani Hakemi, Nahid Eskandari, Reza Yazdani
2014, 3:127 (28 May 2014)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.133249
PMID
:24949298
Asthma is a reversible airway obstruction that is characterized by constriction of airway smooth muscle, hyper secretion of mucus, edema and airway hyper responsiveness (AHR), mucus secretion and thickening of the basement membrane underlying the airway epithelium. During the process of airway inflammation, complex interactions of innate and adaptive immune cells as well as structural cells and their cytokines have many important roles. It was believed that airway inflammation is orchestrated by allergen specific T helper (Th) 2 cells, which recruit and accumulate in the lungs and produce a range of different effector cytokines. However, more recent studies have revealed the potential collaboration of other helper T cells and their cytokines in this process. Th17 cell may have a role in severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor-α and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. Cytokines are important in asthma and play a critical role in orchestrating the allergic inflammatory response, although the precise role of each cytokine remains to be determined. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the possible roles of newly identified helper T cells derived cytokines (IL-9, 17, 22, 25 and IL-33) in asthma. The potential therapeutic applications emerging from the roles of these cytokines will be discussed as well.
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7,171
1,541
35
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Comparison of the administration of progesterone versus progesterone and vitamin D in improvement of outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury: A randomized clinical trial with placebo group
Bahram Aminmansour, Hossein Nikbakht, Abbas Ghorbani, Majid Rezvani, Paiman Rahmani, Mostaffa Torkashvand, Mohammadamin Nourian, Mehran Moradi
2012, 1:58 (28 August 2012)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.100176
PMID
:23326789
Background:
Due to the heterogeneity of traumatic brain injury (TBI), many of single treatments have not been successful in prevention and cure of these kinds of injuries. The neuroprotective effect of progesterone drug on severe brain injuries has been identified, and recently, the neuroprotective effect of vitamin D has also been studied as the combination of these two drugs has shown better effects on animal samples in some studies. This study was conducted to examine the effect of vitamin D and progesterone on brain injury treatment after brain trauma.
Materials and Methods:
This study was performed on patients with severe brain trauma (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8) from April to September, 2011. The patients were divided to 3 groups (placebo, progesterone, progesterone-vitamin D), each with 20 people. Upon the patients' admission, their GCS and demographic information were recorded. After 3 months, they were reassessed, and their GCS and GOS (Glasgow outcome scale) were recorded. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, USA).
Results:
Before intervention, GCS mean of the placebo, progesterone, and progesterone-vitamin D groups were 6.3 ± 0.88, 6.31 ± 0.87, and 6 ± 0.88, respectively. They increased to 9.16 ± 1.11, 10.25 ± 1.34, and 11.27 ± 2.27, respectively 3 months after intervention. There was a significant difference among GCS means of the 3 groups (
P-value = 0.001
). GOS was classified to 2 main categories of favorable and unfavorable recovery, of which, favorable recovery in placebo, progesterone, and progesterone-vitamin D was 25%, 45%, and 60%, respectively which showed a statistical significant difference among the groups
(P-value = 0.03
).
Conclusion:
The results showed that recovery rate in patients with severe brain trauma in the group receiving progesterone and vitamin D together was significantly higher than that of progesterone group, which was in turn higher than that of placebo group.
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7,783
864
42
Effect of Royal Jelly on spatial learning and memory in rat model of streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease
Zohre Zamani, Parham Reisi, Hojjatallah Alaei, Ali Asghar Pilehvarian
2012, 1:26 (6 July 2012)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.98150
PMID
:23210085
Background:
It has been recently demonstrated that Royal jelly (RJ) has a beneficial role on neural functions. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impairments of learning and memory. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the effect of RJ on spatial learning and memory in rats after intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (icv-STZ).
Materials and Methods:
Rats were infused bilaterally with an icv injection of STZ, while sham rats received vehicle only. The rats were feed with RJ-contained food (3% w/w) (lyophilized RJ mixed with powdered regular food) or regular food for 10 days. Then spatial learning and memory was tested in the rats by Morris water maze test.
Results:
Results showed that in icv-STZ group latency and path length were increased as compared to sham group, also icv-STZ rats less remembered the target quadrant that previously the platform was located; however, these were protected significantly in STZ group that received RJ-containing food.
Conclusions:
Our findings support the potential neuroprotective role of RJ and its helpful effects in AD.
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7,717
904
27
REVIEW ARTICLES
Histone Deacetylases and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Molecular Mechanisms of Action in Various Cancers
Masumeh Sanaei, Fraidoon Kavoosi
2019, 8:63 (31 October 2019)
DOI
:10.4103/abr.abr_142_19
PMID
:31737580
Epigenetic modifications such as histone modification play an important role in tumorigenesis. There are several evidence that histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a key role in cancer induction and progression by histone deacetylation. Besides, histone acetylation is being accessed as a therapeutic target because of its role in regulating gene expression. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) are a family of synthetic and natural compounds that differ in their target specificities and activities. They affect markedly cancer cells, inducing cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest and cell death, reduction of angiogenesis, and modulation of the immune system. Here, we summarize the mechanisms of HDACs and the HDACIs in several cancers. An online search of different sources such as PubMed, ISI, and Scopus was performed to find available data on mechanisms and pathways of HDACs and HDACIs in different cancers. The result indicated that HDACs induce cancer through multiple mechanisms in various tissues. This effect can be inhibited by HDACIs which affect cancer cell by different pathways such as cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and cell death. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the HDACs play a major role in carcinogenesis through various pathways, and HDACIs can inhibit HDAC activity by multiple mechanisms resulting in cell cycle arrest, cell growth inhibition, and apoptosis induction.
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7,505
995
49
BRIEF REPORTS
Assessment of the Early and Late Complication after Thyroidectomy
Esmaeil Chahardahmasumi, Rezvan Salehidoost, Massoud Amini, Ashraf Aminorroaya, Hassan Rezvanian, Ali Kachooei, Bijan Iraj, Masoud Nazem, Mohsen Kolahdoozan
2019, 8:14 (27 February 2019)
DOI
:10.4103/2277-9175.253115
PMID
:30993084
Background:
The complications in thyroid surgery have been reported variable in literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the early and late (3 months after surgery) complication rates of thyroidectomy in a cohort of patients undergoing thyroid surgery at two hospitals of Isfahan University of Medical Science, Iran.
Materials and Methods:
This study included 204 patients who candidates for thyroidectomy presenting at Medical Educational Centers of Al-Zahra and Kashani hospitals in Isfahan between March 2016 and March 2017. Clinical data are collected for all patients by continuous enrollment. The patients examined before and after thyroid surgery and the findings were recorded.
Results:
The highest prevalence of thyroidectomy was in women (81.9%). The most frequent thyroid surgery was total thyroidectomy and the most common indication for thyroid surgery was suspicious fine-needle aspiration for thyroid malignancy. Hypocalcemia was the most common complication with a frequency of 54.4%. The odds ratios for early complications were 2.375 and 2.542 for intermediate- and low-volume surgeons, respectively, compared to high-volume surgeons.
Conclusions:
According to the results of this study, the high level of surgeon's skill is effective to reduce the likelihood of late and early complications; furthermore, the chance of late complications increases with age.
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7,425
791
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Online since 15 January, 2012